Energy Efficiency Training Book

Evçed-TEEDB July 2023 - Y.No:49/V01

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
Department of Energy Efficiency and Environment

Contents

  1. Environment and Energy
    • Sustainability and Sustainable Development
    • Sustainable Development
    • Turkey's Status within the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals
    • Ecosystem Security
    • Water Management
    • Waste Management
    • Climate Change and Global Warming
    • What is Global Warming?
    • Global Developments in the Fight Against the Climate Crisis
    • Developments in Turkey
    • Environment-Energy Relationship
    • Emission Calculation: Conversion Factors and Methods
  2. Energy Management
    • Introduction
    • Energy Efficiency Indicators and Comparative Analysis
    • Per Capita Energy Consumption
    • Energy Intensity
    • Specific Energy Consumption
    • Auxiliary Methods for Indicators: Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and Regression Analysis
    • The Importance of Energy Management for Sustainability
    • Basic Principles of Energy Management
    • Energy Management System (Program)
    • Top Management Support/Commitment
    • Determination of Scope and Boundaries
    • Organizational Structure for Energy Management
    • Energy Manager (Management Representative)
    • Energy Team
    • Employees
    • Sample Task-Responsibility Chart
    • Energy Policy
    • Planning
    • Survey Planning
    • Training Planning
    • Energy Trainings for Management Level
    • Energy Trainings for Energy Team
    • Energy Trainings for Employees
    • Strategic Planning
    • Reporting
    • ISO 50001
    • Non-Energy Benefits in Energy Efficiency
  3. Appendix-1: Multiple Regression Method and an Application Example

This book has been prepared for use in training energy managers, survey-project experts, and measurement verification experts. The Energy Efficiency Training Book was prepared by consortium members Escarus (TSKB Sustainability Consulting Inc.), ESCON Energy Inc., and S317 Consulting within the scope of the project "ENERGY SERVICE COMPANIES (ESCOs), ENERGY SURVEY FIRMS AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY BUILDING CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR ETKB TRAINERS" referenced MENR/CS-01A, supported by the World Bank.

The consortium members are responsible for the originality of the content in the document, and all printing and publishing rights belong to the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The content cannot be reproduced without the Ministry's permission.

Contributors: Ahmet Arısoy (Prof. Dr., Consultant), Alpaslan Güven (Chamber of Mechanical Engineers), Anıl Doğuş (ESCON Energy Inc.-ESCON), Aydın Rüşen (Assoc. Prof. Dr., Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Energy Efficiency Application and Research Center-KAREN), Birol Kılkış (Prof. Dr., Ostim Technical University), Bülent Hakkı Buyruk (ESCON), Cafer Ünlü (MaxVal Inc.-MAXVAL), Cem Karabal (Dr., Besenve Energy Inc.-BESENVE), Ceyda Kalıpçıoğlu (ESCARUS TSKB Sustainability Consulting Inc.-ESCARUS), Emre Ertürk (CEEN Energy), Ertaç Hürdoğan (Assoc. Prof. Dr., Osmaniye Korkut Ata University), Esra Koç Erdal (ESCARUS), Gamze Karanfil Kaçmaz (Assoc. Prof. Dr., KAREN), Hurşit Dora Üreten (ESCARUS), Hüseyin Topal (Prof. Dr., Gazi University), İlhami Horuz (Prof. Dr., Gazi University), Kadir İsa (Dr., Consultant), Kubilay Kavak (Dr., ESCARUS), Mahmut Dede (Schneider Electric Inc.-SCHNEIDER), Mehmet Serkan Emin (Altensis Construction Energy Industry and Trade Ltd. Co.-ALTENSİS), Mehmet Taylan Demir (SCHNEIDER), Murat İşler (ESCON), Mustafa Güngör (Proasist Inc.-PROASİST), Mustafa Zeki Yılmazoğlu (Prof. Dr., Gazi University), Nehir Tokgöz (Assoc. Prof. Dr., Osmaniye Korkut Ata University), Nuri Yücel (Prof. Dr., Gazi University), Oğuz Turgut (Prof. Dr., Gazi University), Onur Ünlü (ESCON), Osman Babayiğit (Dr., KAREN), Özge Seçkiner (7kr Consulting Control Systems Industry and Trade Ltd. Co.-7kr), Pelin Günaltay (Designer), Selmin Ener Rüşen (Assoc. Prof. Dr., KAREN), Sermin Onaygil (Prof. Dr., Istanbul Technical University-ITU), Seyran Hatipoğlu (Consultant), Suat Canbazoğlu (Prof. Dr., Consultant), Süleyman Sungur Tezcan (Assoc. Prof. Dr., Gazi University), Timur Diz (Heat Water Sound and Fire Insulators Association-İZODER), Yasemin Somuncu (Consultant), Thanks to Yiğit Ahmet Seçkiner (7kr) for contributions.

Print Date: July 2023
Version: 01

3. Energy Surveys

  • Introduction
  • Energy Survey Services
  • Components of an Energy Survey
  • Toolbox of an Energy Survey-Project Expert
  • Preparations Before an Energy Survey Visit
  • Safety Considerations During Energy Survey
  • Post-Survey Analysis
  • Energy Survey Report
  • Energy Action Plan
  • Special Energy Survey Instruments
  • Smoke Generators
  • Blower Door Setup
  • Energy Surveys of Industrial Enterprises
  • Introduction
  • Process Analysis
  • Energy Survey Services for Industrial Enterprises
  • Consideration of Survey Safety Issues
  • Energy Surveys in Commercial Buildings
  • Introduction
  • Energy Survey Services for Commercial Buildings
  • Conducting the Energy Survey
  • Energy Surveys of Residences
  • Indoor Air Quality
  • Conclusion

4. Economic Analysis

  • Introduction
  • Some Basic Concepts
  • Cash Flow Diagrams
  • Time Value of Money and Discount Rate
  • Time Value of Money
  • Annuity (Investment Payback Factor)
  • Calculation of Discount Rate
  • Discounted Cash Flow
  • Basic Analysis Methods
  • Simple Payback Period
  • Net Present Value
  • Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
  • Benefit-Cost Ratio
  • Other Analysis Methods
  • Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Evaluation
  • Other Analysis Methods
  • Comparison of Economic Analysis Methods
  • Evaluation of Simple Payback Period
  • Evaluation of NPV, IRR and Other Methods

5. Boilers and Combustion Systems

  • Introduction
  • Issues Related to Fuels
  • Natural Gas
  • Fuel Oil
  • Coal
  • Waste Fuels and Biomass
  • Combustion
  • Combustion Heat
  • Amount of Combustion Air
  • Determination of Combustion Products Amount
  • Efficiency
  • Optimum Air Excess
  • Boiler Efficiency
  • Energy Consumption of Boilers
  • Balance Equations
  • Thermal Efficiency of Boilers
  • Input-Output Method
  • Heat Loss Method
  • Maximum Economic Benefit Requirements
  • Basic Elements for Maximum Efficiency
  • Flue Gas Temperature, Economizers
  • Waste Heat Steam Production
  • Load Balancing
  • Maximum Benefit Requirements
  • Boilers
  • Boiler Classifications
  • Condensing Boilers
  • Higher Efficiency
  • Condensing Boiler System Design and Operation
  • Burners
  • Coal Combustion
  • Industrial Furnaces
  • Furnace Mass Balance
  • Furnace Energy Balance

6. Steam and Condensate Systems

  • Introduction
  • Components of Steam and Condensate Systems
  • Energy Saving Opportunities in Steam Systems
  • Thermal Properties of Steam
  • Definitions and Terminology
  • Steam Quality
  • Steam Distribution
  • Properties of Saturated Steam
  • Properties of Superheated Steam
  • Evaluating Steam Usage and Energy Equivalent
  • Determination of Steam Requirements
  • Specific Heat
  • Steam Meters
  • Steam Cost Calculation
  • Condensate and Steam Traps
  • Condensate
  • Steam Traps
  • Selection of Steam Traps
  • Steam Trap Leakage Control
  • Flash Steam
  • Condensate Collection and Recovery
  • Conclusion

7. Cogeneration/Trigeneration and Distributed Generation

  • Introduction
  • Cogeneration System Design and Analysis
  • Basic Definitions
  • Basic Cogeneration Systems
  • Steam Turbine Systems
  • Gas Turbines
  • Internal Combustion Engines
  • Distributed Generation
  • Cogeneration Design Process
  • Economic Feasibility Evaluation Methods
  • General Approaches for Design and Evaluation
  • Pre-Feasibility Study Approaches
  • Cogeneration System Selection and Sizing
  • Trigeneration
  • Efficiency
  • Fuel Savings Calculation
  • Application Examples
  • General Issues
  • Cogeneration Evaluation Case Studies
  • Evaluation and Recommendations

8. Waste Heat Recovery

  • Introduction
  • Heat Recovery
  • Classification of Waste Heat Quality
  • Storage of Waste Heat
  • Determination of Waste Heat Amount
  • Matching Waste Heat Source with Heat Sink
  • Open Type Waste Heat Heat Exchangers
  • Direct Use of Waste Process Air and Water
  • Closed Type Heat Exchangers
  • Double Coil (Run-Around) Systems
  • Waste Heat Heat Exchangers
  • Transient Regime Waste Heat Storage Equipment
  • Steady State Heat Exchangers
  • Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
  • Filtration or Fouling
  • Materials and Construction
  • Corrosion Control
  • Ease of Maintenance
  • Commercial Options in Heat Recovery Equipment
  • Introduction
  • Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers: Recuperators
  • Thermal Wheels
  • Passive Air Preheaters
  • Gas or Liquid to Liquid Regenerators: Economizers
  • Shell-and-Tube and Coaxial Tube Heat Exchangers
  • Heat Pumps
  • Waste Heat Boilers
  • Impact of Heat Recovery on Facilities
  • Conclusions

9. Building Envelope and Insulation Systems

  • Basic Information on Thermal Insulation
  • Introduction
  • Application Areas
  • Building Envelope
  • Installation Elements
  • Principles of Thermal Insulation in Buildings
  • Calculation of Thermal Transmittance Coefficient (U)
  • Cost-Effective U-Values
  • Health and Comfort
  • Thermal Bridges
  • Principles of Thermal Insulation in Installations and Industrial Applications
  • Heat Loss Calculation for Pipes and Air Ducts
  • Surface Heat Transfer Coefficients
  • Calculation of Convective Component (h cv ) of Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient for Ducts and Pipes Inside the Building
  • Calculation of Convective Component (h cv ) of Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient for Ducts and Pipes Outside the Building
  • Calculation of Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient (h se ) of Exterior Surface
  • Exterior Surface Resistance
  • Example Heat Loss Calculation
  • Thermal Transmittance of Uninsulated Pipe
  • Thermal Transmittance of Insulated Pipe
  • Determination of Insulation Thicknesses
  • Condensation in Installations
  • Relationship Between Thermal Insulation and Occupational Health and Safety
  • Thermal Bridge in Installations
  • Thermal Insulation Materials
  • Technical Properties Required in Thermal Insulation Materials
  • Concepts of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Resistance
  • Relationship Between Thermal Conductivity and Temperature
  • Importance of Thickness
  • Water Vapor Diffusion Resistance Factor (μ) and Water Vapor Diffusion Resistance (Sd) Concepts
  • Operating Temperature
  • Pressure Resistance
  • Reaction to Fire Classes
  • Glass Wool
  • Rock Wool
  • Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS)
  • Extruded (Rolled) Polystyrene Foam (XPS)
  • Polyurethane Foam (PUR/PIR)
  • Wood Wool Boards (WW)
  • Glass Foam (CG)
  • Phenolic Foam (PF)
  • Expanded Perlite Boards (EPB)
  • Mushroom Boards (ECB)
  • Wood Fiber Boards (WF)
  • Polyethylene Foam (PEF)
  • Elastomeric Rubber Foam (FEF)
  • Calcium Silicate (CS)
  • Ceramic Wool
  • Insulating Glass
  • Heat Control with Low-E Coated Glass
  • Heat and Solar Control with Solar Low-E Coated Glass
  • Solar Control with Colored and Reflective Glass
  • Thermal Insulation Applications
  • Thermal Insulation in Walls
  • External Insulation of Walls
  • Internal Thermal Insulation
  • Thermal Insulation in Underground Exterior Walls and Foundations
  • Thermal Insulation Applications in Double Walls (Sandwich Walls)
  • Thermal Insulation in Roofs
  • Thermal Insulation Applications in Sloped Roofs
  • Unused Attics in Sloped Roofs
  • Used Attics in Sloped Roofs
  • Thermal Insulation Applications in Terrace Roofs
  • Traditional Terrace Roofs
  • Inverted Terrace Roofs
  • Thermal Insulation in Floors
  • Installation Insulation Applications
  • Applications with Products Made of Rubber Foam and Polyethylene Foam
  • Applications on Elbows
  • Applications on Large Diameter Pipes
  • Applications on Flat Surfaces like Tanks
  • Applications on Ducts
  • Applications with Products Made of Glass Wool or Rock Wool
  • Applications on Elbows
  • Applications on Large Diameter Pipes
  • Applications on Ducts
  • Applications on Valves, Strainers, Check Valves, etc.
  • Applications on Hangers and Clamps
  • Pilot Project: My Old Home is Warmer Now
  • Data Obtained Before Application - Project Information
  • Data Obtained After Application - Project Results

10. Compressed Air Systems

  • Introduction
  • Applications of Compressed Air
  • Pneumatic Tools
  • Pneumatic Cylinders
  • Air Jet
  • Ventilation and Mixing
  • Blow Molding
  • Diaphragm Pumps
  • Eductors
  • Energy Storage
  • Principles of Compressed Air
  • Air Compression: A Polytropic Process
  • Example of Energy Balance
  • Air Flow and Pressure Relationships
  • Irreversibilities
  • Compressed Air Central Plant and Distribution System
  • Air Compressors and Cooling System
  • Dryers
  • Piping
  • Storage Tanks
  • Feed Side Flow Control Valves (Optional)
  • Filters
  • Pressure Regulators
  • Condensate Drain Traps
  • Types of Air Compressors
  • Rotary Screw Air Compressors
  • Piston Air Compressors
  • Centrifugal Compressors
  • Compressed Air Blowers
  • Comparison of Compressors in Terms of Efficiency
  • Operating Characteristics
  • Overview of Power and Energy Consumption Relationship
  • Load Profiles
  • Leaks
  • Cost of Compressed Air Leaks
  • Effects of Oversizing
  • Operating Modes of Compressors and Partial Load Efficiencies According to Operating Modes
  • On-Off Operating Mode
  • Constant Operating Mode (Blow-off)
  • Inlet Modulation Operating Mode
  • Load/Unload Operating Mode
  • Dual-Automatic Operating Mode
  • Variable Displacement Operating Mode
  • Adjustable Speed Operating Mode
  • Summary of Operating Modes
  • Field Data and Information for Energy Evaluation